Antropologi Peter Frost:in kirjoitus mustista afrikkalaisista ja heidän ulkonäöstä.
Agriculture, especially year-round agriculture, enables women to become more self-reliant in feeding themselves and their children, thus making it less costly for men to take second wives (van den Berghe, 1979, p. 65). As a result, the polygyny rate is 20-50% of all marriages in sub-Saharan agricultural societies (Bourguignon and Greenbaum, 1973, p. 51; Goody, 1973; Pebley and Mbugua, 1989; Welch and Glick, 1981; White, 1988).Lähde: Origins of black Africans
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If some men have more wives, others will have to do without. In general, men will have to compete more keenly with each other for access to women. When such rivalry intensifies in non-human species, the result is an intensification of sexual selection for larger, stronger, and more muscular males. This may explain why the highly polygynous, agricultural peoples of sub-Saharan Africa are so physically robust. They and their African American descendants outclass European-descended subjects for weight, chest size, arm girth, leg girth, muscle fiber properties, and bone density (Ama et al., 1986; Ettinger et al., 1997; Himes, 1988; Hui et al., 2003; Pollitzer and Anderson, 1989; Todd and Lindala, 1928; Wolff and Steggerda, 1943; Wagner and Heyward, 2000; Wright et al., 1995).
This masculinization of body build may be hormonally mediated. When Winkler and Christiansen (1993) studied two Namibian peoples, the weakly polygynous hunter-gatherer !Kung and the highly polygynous agricultural Kavango, the latter were found to have markedly higher levels of both total testosterone and DHT. The authors suggest that lower levels of these hormones may account for the !Kung’s neotenous appearance, i.e., sparse body hair, small stature, pedomorphic morphology, and light yellowish skin.
High testosterone/DHT levels are widely attested among sub-Saharan agriculturalists and their New World descendents. Young black men have more circulating testosterone than do young white men whereas young East Asian men, though intermediate in testosterone levels, have less 5?-reductase—an enzyme that converts testosterone into the physiologically more active DHT (Pettaway, 1999; Ross et al., 1992). These three geographic groupings also exhibit analogous differences in androgen receptor receptivity (Kittles et al., 2001). Broadly speaking, lifetime exposure to testosterone/DHT correlates with the incidence of prostate cancer and the highest incidences in the world are among African American men (Brawley and Kramer, 1996). Other populations of black African descent (i.e., West Indians and sub-Saharan Africans) exhibit lower incidences, but these have been shown to reflect underreporting and are probably just as high (Glover et al., 1998; Ogunbiyi and Shittu, 1999; Osegbe, 1997).
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If male-male rivalry intensifies sexual selection of men, it also tends to relax sexual selection of women. Because fewer women remain unmated, men are less able to translate their aesthetic criteria into actual mate choice. Such relaxed selection is suggested by visible female-specific characteristics. African Americans girls have narrower hips, broader waists, and thinner deposition of subcutaneous fat than do Euro-American girls (Hrdli?ka, 1898; Meredith and Spurgeon, 1980; Nelson and Nelson, 1986). Even before birth, Euro-American fetuses show significantly more sexual dimorphism than do African American fetuses (Choi and Trotter, 1970).
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Vilakazi (1962, pp. 59-60) states: "The traditional Zulu does not make physical beauty a first priority or even an important qualification in a wife; and the skin colour of the woman is of little importance." In a rating study, Dixson et al. (2006) examined mate-choice criteria among subsistence farmers in Bakossiland, Cameroon, including preferred skin color of a potential female partner. No consistent preference emerged. This ambivalence was noted by Ardener (1954, p. 72) among the Ibo of Nigeria:
In the choice of a wife, yellow-skinned girls are regarded as beauties, and, other things being equal, they command higher bride prices. On the other hand it is generally held, especially by dark-complexioned persons, that yellow-skinned people are not as strong as the dark and do not live as long. A 'black' girl is said to be a harder worker. … A Mission headmaster was of the opinion that the preference for yellow girls was greater nowadays than in his youth. He thought that the reason for this was that people formerly looked for strength rather than beauty and tended to marry black girls. He claimed that black people had greater powers of endurance, and he cited his own village where, he said, of the oldest six or seven people, only one was yellow.
In Kenya, McVicar (1969, p. 242) notes similar views on the merits of ‘black’ versus ‘brown’ wives: "Among these tribes black girls are usually regarded as hard workers, possibly because many consider themselves fortunate enough to be married." In traditional African societies, women had to produce enough food for the entire family, typically through hoe farming in the sun. There was thus a premium on darker women. Lighter women may have been preferred aesthetically, but this preference remained unexpressed.
TV:sta tuli dokumentti Tansanian albiinoista, joilla ei valitettavasti ole vain aurinko paha vihollinen vaan myös osa tummemman ihonvärin omaavista ihmisistä, joiden mielestä albiinot ovat kirouksia, aaveita ja demoneita, joiden uhraamisesta hengeille saa kuitenkin onnea. Dokumentissa voi samalla tarkastella ihonvärin vaikutusta ulkonäköön, että näyttääkö afrikkalainen esim. eurooppalaiselta, niin ei vaikka olen nähnyt joidenkin hölmöläisten väittävän ihonvärin olevan ainoa ero, niin kuin itäaasialaiset vaaleaihoisina näyttäisivät yleisesti eurooppalaisilta. Kuitenkin on myös sillä tavalla, että sitä voi luulla näitä negriittoja ja papualaisia mustiksi afrikkalaisiksi, kuten alla olevasta kuvasta voi nähdä on siinä papualaisia, mutta olettaisin antropologin osaavan erottaa hyvin usein, koska eivät kaikki papualaiset ole ulkonäöltään samanlaisia kuin afrikkalaiset.
Afrikassa on valtavan paljon albiinoja johtuen osaltaan serkusavioliitoista, joten tämä pahentaa tilannetta, koska albiinon olisi varsinkin hyvä löytää kauempaa musta kumppani, jottei lapselle tulisi albinismia, mutta tässä sitten vaikuttaa myös ihmisten kielteinen suhtautuminen albiinoihin. Tässä dokumentissa voi sitten samalla myös tarkastella kauneutta, että voi havaita auringolla olevan kielteinen vaikutus albiinojen ulkonäköön, joka on mahdollisesti yksi syy, miksi monet mustat eivät heistä tykkää vaikka luultavasti osa heistä olisi halukas pariutumaan joidenkin afrocentristien sanomana eurooppalaisten albiinojen kanssa, jolla siis tarkoitetaan tätä normaalia vaaleaa ihoa, joka myös ruskettuu oikein hyvin suurella osalla eurooppalaisista.
Lähde - Persecution of people with albinism
Suomalaiset naiset ovat tietääkseni muodostaneet paljonkin parisuhteita nigerialaisten igbojen kanssa luultavasti osaltaan heidän suuren kokonsa takia, joka ei välttämättä ole mulatti tyttärien kannalta hyvä asia, joten alla on mielenkiintoinen tutkimus igbojen ulkonäöstä.
In conclusion, racial and ethnic differences in the facial structure is a well accepted fact. The correct concept for aesthetics for a Brazilian Negroid facial trait is different for that for a Nigerian Negroid. Hence, it is imperative that effort should be made to establish general norms for different races and ethnic groups with consideration for certain individual characteristic features. This study has shown as in most other population that the vertical and angular variables that tissue profile are sexually dimorphic amongst the Igbos of Nigeria.Lähde
Katselin tässä Google:lla kuvia Afrikan presidenteistä ja bongasin sieltä Gabonin presidentin vaimon, joka on wikipedian mukaan ranskalainen. Tällä hetkellä osaltaan öljyn ja vähäisin väkiluvun takia Gabonissa on afrikkalaisittain korkea BKT asukasta kohti, mutta on mielenkiintoista havaita kuinka presidentti on mennyt valitsemaan ei mustan naisen. Tietääkseni näitä presidenttejä on tai on ollut Afrikassa enemmänkin, joilla on ei musta vaimo ja sitten voi myös joidenkin mustien vaimojen osalta havaita heidän todennäköisesti vaalentavan ihonväriään ja käyttävän peruukkeja.
Tästä parinvalinnasta herää tietysti kysymys, että onko siinä kyse osaltaan länsimaiden vaikutuksesta kuinka enemmän eurooppalaiselta naiselta näyttävä on jotenkin parempi tai kauniimpi, jonka seurauksena monet mustat miehet haluavat heidän kanssa pariutua. Löysin myös Norsunluurannikon presidentin vaaleat hiukset omaavan vaimon Dominiquen, joka on algerialainen, mutta aiheuttaako tällainen parinvalinta mustille naisille ulkonäköpaineita, jos maan johtajalla on näin vaalea vaimo. Ei tässä muutaman maan presidenttien perusteella pidä lähteä tekemään yleistyksiä, että varmaan suurimmalla osalla presidenteistä on musta vaimo.
Sylvia Bongo Ondimba
Dominique Folloroux-Ouattara
Dudu_Negro:Samaisessa keskustelussa luultavasti musta mies kritisoi mustien naisten kielteistä suhtautumista mustien miesten ja valkoisten naisten parisuhteisiin, mutta kysyy heiltä, miksi sitten haluatte itse olla kuin valkoisia naisia. Mielestäni tämän henkilön kysymys on jokseenkin hölmö, koska on selvää, että mustat miehet osaltaan aiheuttavat mustille naisille ulkonäköpaineita ja sitä ei helpota pariutuminen valkoisen tai mulatti naisen kanssa. Jos mustat miehet tykkäävät vaaleasta ihonväristä naisella, niin mitä mahdollisuuksia mustalle naiselle jää kuin vaalentaa ihonväriä. Jos myös mustat miehet tykkäävät suoremmista hiuksista naisella, niin ei monelle mustalle naiselle jää muuta vaihtoehtoa kuin käydä ostamassa peruukki.
These Presidents with white spouses are the shames of African leadership. Do you know how many beautiful black African chicks there are on this continent? If you want a foreigner, at least marry a African Carribean or African American. This is black continent. . . .put black skinned women in government house to represent our image and pride.
dasparrow:
Don't mind them. Inferiority complex! How many white/caucasian presidents have or had black wives? I don't know what is wrong with some of our African leaders.
AMEN AMEN AMEN, couldn't have said it better myself; both of you are on point with what you said, I agree
Näitä monien mustien naisten ongelmia eivät varmaan monet mustien miesten kanssa pariutuvat valkoiset naiset tiedä. Musta mies tuo esille ajatuksen, että jos mustat naiset lopettaisivat ulkonäkönsä muuttamisen, niin silloin mustat miehet eivät pariutuisi yhtä paljon muiden naisten kanssa. En tiedä varmuudella, onko hän oikeassa, koska kyllä lopulta nykyisessä maailmassa myös mustat miehet saavat vaikutteita ulkomailta, jonka seurauksena hekin haluavat vaimon, jolla on vaaleampi ihonväri ja pitkät hiukset, koska tällaista ulkonäköä pidetään yleismaailmallisesti kauniina naisella, että eiköhän mustat miehet ole lopulta osaltaan syyllisiä mustien naisten ulkonäköpaineisiin.
Blacks(Especially Black Women) are known to be some of the most Hypocritical Vile Bigots on The Earth...Lähde
For Example..
You have many black women making sarcastic jabs at these disgusting looking White Trophy Females....
Yet...
These same Black Women....Have created/participated in Beauty Threads on this very forum, compiled with "Black" Women who use perms,weaves,wigs,skin bleach and a wide varied assortment of all other Chemical Agents to Copy the Appearance...of those very same white women, they are demonizing in this thread.
So which is it Ladies?
How can you criticize these Black Men for chasing white women....
When you yourselves have "glorified" the very same Artificial Creations That were invented to portray a White Woman's Genetic Coding.
You Make Beauty Threads, of Black Women wearing synthetic weaves of outside races.
You Make Beauty Threads, of a Million Black Women who rock chemicals on their heads to "de-origin-al-ize-" Their Sub Saharan African Appearance...
Yet........
When a Black Man opts for "the real thing"......
He is the Self Hater?...
He is the Sell Out?....
He is the "Evil" One......
He is the "Fool"?......
^----Long as You Black Women Glorify, Non Sub Saharan African Genetics...Then Black Men Will Continue to Chase Non Sub Saharan African Genetics
Stop Constantly Contradicting Yourselves.
If "you" say it's beautiful....Then how is a Black Man Wrong for thinking the same?....
Both the Black Male and the Black Female have deep rooted issues regarding self hate...
The Irony of this is...
Both Will be Quick to call out the opposite gender, while lacking the intelligence to stare in the Mirror.
If dark skin African American men are the epitome of “Black”, then under what category do light skin men fall? Are they inferior as a consequence of their skin tone? Are they “whiter”? Are they not as dangerous and therefore weaker? Such questions generate great dissonance among light skin African American men (Hill, 2002; Russell, Hall, & Wilson, 2013). Sometimes referred to as “pretty” boys, lighter skin African American men, because of their close approximation to whiteness, may endure doubts of authenticity and masculinity (Lester & Googin, 2007). Unfortunately, in an effort to “prove” their blackness, some learn to compensate by exaggerating their virility and acting tough (Russell et al, 1992). Studies have also presented the idealized male to be darker than the average, and as such, light-skinned African American males have suffered from being at odds with this cultural stereotype (Hill, 2002; Swami, 2008; Wade, 2008). The perception that women, in this case Black women, find darker skin men more desirable is largely derived from the notion that dark skin denotes “reproductive fitness” and “physical dominance” (Wade, 2008, p. 138). As a result, lighter skin Black men may be evaluated less favorably as mates (Ross, 1997; Wade, 2008). Yet in other ways, light skin has served some Black men advantageously. For example, Hughes and Hertel (1990) found that lighter skin men not only occupy more prestigious jobs, but their wages are significantly greater than darker men as well.Lähde
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Research on skin color stratification reveals African American women, in comparison to African American men, to be most affected by skin tone biases (Keith, 2009; Russell et al, 1992). As women are often objectified and subject to rigid and idealized standards of beauty, the degree to which skin tone is positively evaluated bears significance on how African American women perceive and appraise their bodies (Hunter, 2005). To this end, the universal preference for lighter skin African American woman has had a considerable impact on body maintenance, self-esteem, self-concept, and mate selection (Hill, 2002; Keith, 2009; Thompson & Keith, 2009). Studies of female beauty reveal light skin and Eurocentric features, such as long straight hair and smaller noses, to be more appealing than darker skin and Afrocentric features, such as kinky hair, broader noses, and larger lips (Hill, 2002; Swami, Furnham, & Joshi, 2008). These preferences, to which young African American girls are exposed, have been empirically and anecdotally demonstrated to influence the self perceptions of African American women (Neal & Wilson, 1989). Moreover, the preference for lighter skin women has been reinforced by the mate selection patterns of African American men.
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The effect of skin tone biases on mating preferences has been one of the most explored areas of colorism research. Among African American men, multiple studies have indicated a universal preference for lighter skin women (Hamilton, Goldsmith, & Darity, 2009; Hughes & Hertel, 1990; Marbley, 2003; Ross, 1997; Russell et al, 1992). For example, in 2010 an experimental study was conducted to evaluate African American’s attitudes and perceptions of light skin and dark skin female African American models (Watson, Thorton, & Engelland, 2010). In the study, 299 African American male students, from three universities, were presented a photograph of a medium skinned model whose appearance had been digitally manipulated as either light skin or dark skin (Watson et al, 2010). The men were randomly assigned to one of the manipulated photos and asked to rate the model’s attractiveness, attitude towards the advertisement, and attitude towards the brand. Results revealed that African American men rated the model, the brand, and the advertisement significantly higher in the photo with the light skin manipulation than the photo with the dark skin manipulation (Watson et al, 2010). Such findings support prior conclusions posited by Wade (2005) and Hill (2002) that indicated African American men favor lighter skin women over darker skin women. Earlier research has also suggested that lighter skin women are the preference of successful African American men (Russell et al, 1992). Recalling Hunter’s (2002) findings, lighter skin women were more likely to marry men with higher education levels than darker skin women.
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Wilder and Cain (2011) conducted a qualitative study and interviewed 26 African American women between the ages of 18-40 about the influence of family on subscriptions to colorist ideologies. Various themes emerged from their interviews. Of particular note was the identification of maternal figures, such as grandmothers, aunts, and mothers, as the primary disseminators of skin tone biases. From these individuals, women learned to associate blackness with negativity and lightness with ideal beauty (Wilder & Cain, 2011). Moreover, Wilder and Cain found familial figures to either confirm, negate, or counter colorist beliefs. For example, during one focus group session, a woman revealed that her mother was both verbally and physically upset with her choice to date a “black skinned” man. It was her desire to have grandchildren with “nice” hair and “nice” skin; therefore, her daughter’s partner needed to facilitate this want, rather than undermine it. Contrastingly, another participant shared that her parents were accepting of everyone, regardless of skin color. As a result, she was encouraged to replicate this acceptance and bestow unbiased treatment upon everyone.
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The beauty of light skin individuals was also qualified by their hair texture and eye color. “Yass, light skin girls have pretty hair and light skin and all that” (Focus Group #4 attendee). In explaining why light skin girls are preferred one 12-year-old commented, “Maybe because their hair is longer and their skin is lighter” (Interview #7). Offering a related comment, one participant posited, “I guess [lighter skin people] look better because they’re hair [is] curly” (16-year-old, Interview #3). In the African American community, loose curly hair is perceived as “good”, and according to the some of the participants in this study, the notion that lighter skin individuals have “good” or “better” hair is factual rather than situational. “Nine times out of ten [light skin people] have good hair” (16-year-old, Interview # 3). After the physical traits of lighter skin girls were recapped, one participant added, “Oh their hair, it be longer and they have like different color eyes” (Focus Group #4 attendee), to which another participant replied, “And some have like colorful eyes” (Focus Group #4 attendee). Interestingly, nice hair and pretty eyes were perceived by one participant as being unique to light skin people alone, “ummm [dark skinned Black girls] don’t have good hair” (14-year-old, Interview #9).
As inferred by the latter quote, the perception that dark skin is inferior and physically debilitating was expressed across all of the focus groups and interviews. Even if the girls did not subscribe to this belief themselves, they were very aware of the general evaluation of dark skin as unattractive. When participants were asked what people say about dark skinned African American girls, there were comparable responses across the board. “That they are ugly” (15-year-old, Focus Group #5). “Yea, that they’re unattractive” (13-year-old, Focus Group #5). Specifically referencing males’ perceptions of dark skin, one participant mentioned, “Oh people, like some black girls…I mean boys, they be like ‘UGGHHHH’” (13-year-old, Focus Group #3). Mirroring that response, another participant in the same focus group replied, “I think they find dark skin girls unattractive, yea”. When she was asked to explicate why, she answered, “cause the way their skin color is”.
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“I’m not trying to be racist but I think dark skinned and dark skinned should be together and light skinned and light skinned should be together and whites and whites should be together”. When asked if she could elaborate, she stated, “Because it’s [within-race and between-race mixing] just not right…I don’t know, it’s just something that irritates me about it.”
Research illustrates that in the “real world” there is a positive correlation between attractiveness and perceptions of ability and success (Umberson & Hughes, 1987). Ideologies surrounding colorism suggest that Blacks are perceived as being more attractive when their phenotypic features (e.g., nose shape, lip size, hair texture, etc.) are more closely analogous to that of European descent than African ancestry (Fears, 1998; Maddox & Gray, 2002; Oliver, Jackson, Moses & Dangerfield, 2004).Lähde
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Out of the 100 executives listed, the majority of top executives had brown to lighter skin tones rather than darker skin tones. For the most part, both Black women and men had lighter variations of brown skin tones which suggest that in the “real world” where decisions matter, skin tone may subconsciously play a part in people’s perceptions of one’s ability to be a successful leader. For instance, when looking specifically at the CEO position, 7 out of the 9 Black CEOs had medium brown to light brown skin tones while only 2 had darker brown skin tones. In addition to skin tone, other characteristics such as hair styles were more Eurocentric than Afrocentric for most of the executives, with women wearing straighter hair styles and men wearing short cropped hair cuts rather than more ethnic options such as dreadlocks, afros, or braids styles.
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Given the increasing number of biracial and multiracial Americans, more research in this area should be performed so that Americans can become more aware of the prevalence of color bias in our society. Studies of this nature will perhaps not only enhance their awareness, but also challenge their acceptance of the common belief that whiteness signifies graciousness and beauty (Hill, 2000).
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Similarly, ideologies surrounding colorism seem to further confirm Byrne’s Similarity Attraction Theory, which states people tend to be more attracted to and have a greater comfort level around individuals who are similar to themselves (1971).
Lähde
