Previous studies have shown that human mate-choice can be influenced by exposure to opposite-sex parent characteristics. In this study we examined whether there are sexual-imprinting effects of fathers on their daughter’s partner-choice. To this end our participants were asked to bring a picture of their father to the laboratory, and next an eye-tracker was used to determine participants’ gaze directions while they were judging male faces for attractiveness. Participants were single, female undergraduates (n = 50, M age = 22, SD = 2.36), and they were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. They were instructed to judge the stimuli faces on their attractiveness while imagining they were looking either for a short-term (ST) or a long-term (LT) relationship. After calculating percentage differences and similarities between fathers’ faces and the stimuli pictures, the results showed that a sub-sample, which fulfilled imprinting criteria, did rate stimuli pictures with a high father resemblance as significantly more attractive.Lähde
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When looking for a partner, men and women gather as much information about their new partner as possible. As Perrett et al. (2002) argue, the knowledge people gather in their childhood about which facial characteristics are related to specific behavioral traits will be their first reference on which to base partner choice. Indeed, facial characteristics reliably represent certain personality traits; for example, facial dominance has been shown to be an honest signal for dominant behavior (Mueller & Mazur, 1997). One feature that is often mentioned to express facial dominance is a square jaw, and at the same time a square jaw reliably signals high testosterone levels (Johnston, Hagel, Franklin, Fink & Grammer, 2001).
Pitäisi tarkemmin tutkia millaista parinvalintaa urheilussa menestyneet mustat miehet yleisemmin tekevät, mutta usein sitä on myös tutkimuksissa tuotu esille kuinka menestyneet mustat miehet pariutuisivat hyvin paljon muiden kuin mustien naisten kanssa, mutta Brasiliaan ja jalkapalloon liittyen tulee mieleen Pelé, joka on muodostanut paljonkin parisuhteita ei mustien naisten kanssa. Onhan se tietenkin mukavaa menestyneillä mustilla miehillä, kun nähtävästi halukkaita valkoisia naisia löytyy, mutta ei tämä hyvää kuvaa anna, josei mustat tai mulatti naiset kelpaa.
Yhtenä syynä tällaiselle käytökselle sanotaan olevan siinä, että valkoiset edustavat hierarkiassa ylempää, joten musta mies haluaa saadaa valkoisen naisen, jonka kauneutta myös ylistetään. Karu tosi asia voi kuitenkin olla siinä, että mustat miehet todellakin näkevät valkoisen naisen hyvin kauniina, kun taas valkoiset miehet eivät mustista naisista samalla tavalla tykkää. Tässä voi sitten samalla pohtia sekarotuiset ovat kauniita väitettä, että pitääkö se aina paikkaansa vai rumentavatko esim. kauniit naiset jälkeläisten ulkonäköä pariutumalla menestyneiden miesten kanssa.
Pelé
Alla olevien linkkien kautta pääsee Fabwags sivustolle, jossa voi tarkastella parinvalintaa ja äkkiseltään katsottuna urheilijat näyttävät pariutuvan enimmäkseen sanotaanko ulkonäöllisesti samannäköisten kanssa, mutta kyllä siellä näkyy vähän myös mustia miehiä ei mustien naisten kanssa vaikka hyvin monella mustalla miehellä onkin musta tai mulatti nainen. Alla olevassa kuvassa on meksikolainen reportteri ja sieltä löytyy lisää tämän sivuston valitsemia naisia, joista voi havaita heidän olevan hyvin eurooppalaisen näköisiä, että missä ovat mestitsi ja mulatti naiset. Tämä on tietenkin sitä, mistä olen kertonut kuinka latinalaisessa Amerikassa ylistetään pitkälti eurooppalaista ulkonäköä, eikä siksi ole ihme, jos mustat miehetkin innostuvat valkoisista naisista, kun muut naiset unohdetaan.
Sexiest Female Reportes at FIFA World Cup!!!!!
Alla voi nähdä millaista parinvalintaa nainen voi tehdä, että varmaan ymmärrätte millaista syrjintää valitettavasti nainen joutuu kokemaan, jos hän näyttäisi samanlaiselta. Näillä jättiläisurheilijoilla on usein gigantismi tai acromegaly syynä suureen kokoon. Eipä jättiläisenä elämä taida olla yhtään mukavaa vaikka urheilussa siitä voikin olla hyötyä, mutta kuten totesin on tästä pahoja seurauksia varsinkin naiselle, että miehet alkavat syrjimään vaikka vastaavasti moni nainen ihastelee miehen suurta maskuliinista ulkonäköä, jolla vastaavasti voi olla kielteisiä seurauksia jälkeläisille.
Lähde - Gigantism and Acromegaly
Sexual selection can cause evolution in traits that affect mating success, and it has thus been implicated in the evolution of human physical and behavioural traits that influence attractiveness. We use a large sample of identical and nonidentical female twins to test the prediction from mate choice models that a trait under sexual selection will be positively genetically correlated with preference for that trait. Six of the eight preferences we investigated, i.e. height, hair colour, intelligence, creativity, exciting personality, and religiosity, exhibited significant positive genetic correlations with the corresponding traits, while the personality measures ‘easy going’ and ‘kind and understanding’ exhibited no phenotypic or genetic correlation between preference and trait. The positive results provide important evidence consistent with the involvement of sexual selection in the evolution of these human traits.Lähde
Despite a common desire for physically attractive partners, people tend to end up with mates of a similar level of physical attractiveness to themselves. This study proposed an adaptive mate effort calibration system, whereby greater length of time without mating success (sexual/romantic drought) decreases the level of physical attractiveness deemed minimally acceptable in a mate, and increases attraction towards potential partners who display interest. Such a system would allow for an individual’s mate effort to be balanced between pursuing the most desirable attractive potential mates, and pursuing the potential mates with whom there is the greatest chance of mating success.Lähde
Alla olevassa tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan luultavasti monien mokuttajien harmiksi ihmisten halua pariutua ulkonäöltään samankaltaisten kanssa. Tässä tutkimuksessa käy ilmi kuinka ihmiset usein tykkäävät myös silmän värin perusteella samankaltaisista, joka on tuotu myös esille parissa muussa tutkimuksessa.
Researchers have found that as children we imprint our parent’s facial features, which helps develop the normal facial recognition later (Brent, LeGrand, Maurer, Monloch, 2001). It is suggested that we subconsciously use our parent’s facial imprint as our standard for beauty when it comes to finding a mate. As children share a resemblance to their parents, it is not unlikely that as adults, men and women then choose mates who are physically similar to themselves (Alvarez and Jaffe, 2004; Little, Penton-Voak, Perrett, 2002; Bereczkei, Bernath, Gyuris, Koves, 2001). There are researchers who suggest that the reason men and women choose mates who are physically similar to them, is because though they may be genetically similar (given the physical characteristics), the fact that there is no kinship allows for genetic stability (Alvarez and Jaffe, 2004; Penton-Voak, Perrett, and David 2000). The competition for the most attractive partner may also increase the likelihood of couples having similar characteristics (Buston and Emlen, 2003).Lähde
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Participants with ‘blue’ eyes chose their mate’s preferred eye color to be ‘blue’ as well (56.5%). Participants with ‘brown’ eyes chose their mate’s preferred eye color to be ‘brown’ as well (38.5%). However, those participants with ‘green’ eyes chose their mate’s preferred eye color to be ‘blue’ (44.4%) instead of ‘green’ (30.9%), though ‘brown’ had the least responses with 24.7%.
Tässäkin tutkimuksessa ovat aiheena mustat naiset vaikka en ole varsinaisesti tutkimuksia mustista naisista etsinyt, mutta afroamerikkalaiset ovat tietysti yksi suurimpia vähemmistöjä Yhdysvalloissa ja mustien naisten ongelmista koskien eurokeskistä kauneusihannetta tarkastellaan usein tutkimuksissa, joten näiden tutkimusten paljous ei siksi ole ihmeellistä. Alla on mielenkiintoista tietoa kuinka vaaleamman ihonvärin omaavat mustat naiset solmivat paljon avioliittoja. Hyvin usein tuodaan tai itse tuon esille kuinka valkoiset miehet eivät tykkää yleensä mustista naisista, mutta täytyy myös huomata, että eivät kaikki mustat naiset tykkää valkoisista miehistä vaan he haluavat mustan miehen, mutta mistä musta nainen löytää kunnollisen mustan miehen, niin se on suuri ongelma tai huoli monelle mustalle naiselle.
Hamilton, Goldsmith and Darity (2009) also examined the influence of skin shade on marriage for black females, and they discovered that, “…55 percent of light skinned black females had been married, but only 30 percent of those with medium skin shade and 23 percent of the dark skinned females had ever been married,” (p. 34). Skin tone, a physical trait, has become a powerful determinate in the formation of intimate relationships between Black men and women. Hamilton et al. (2009) said, “…there are significant numbers of societies where the more beautiful woman is considered to be the woman with lighter skin. This phenomenon, necessarily, will have manifestations in markets for marriage,” (p. 33).Lähde
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I don’t – because I don’t see the Black family being stable and being – I think because I work at the public schools and I see so many children who – African-American children who are struggling in so many ways. And then I also see, in my narrow world, bi-racial children who struggle too. There is something weird about bi-racial kids. It’s terrible for me to say, but it’s true…So my thinking is that you know, we really need to strengthen the race in a way. And African-American – Black people really really need to get it together and stick together. I’ve always thought that. I just do. That we just don’t do enough of that and especially our men. You know, and it’s just ridiculous. And so yea, it’s a philosophical thing. I mean I guess if I – I guess I don’t even look at White men. White men, I don’t look at Hispanic males. I don’t even see ‘em.
Alla on yksi poiminta The Human Mating blogista, josta löytyy paljon muutakin mielenkiintoista, mutta alla tarkastellaan myyttiä siitä, että naiset tykkäisivät yleisesti huomattavan iäkkäämmistä miehistä vaikka todellisuudessa naiset yleensä haluavat samanikäisen tai muutaman vuoden vanhemman miehen. Olen tästä asiasta itsekin kertonut, että vaikka naiselle usein kelpaakin iäkkäämpi, niin eipä ikäero ole keskimäärin suuri ja vastaavasti miehet yleensä haluavat nuoremman naisen, johon muutamina syinä pidetään nuoremman naisen keskimääräistä parempaa hedelmällisyyttä ja kauneutta, jota taas vastaavasti osa nuorista kauniista naisista käyttää keinona pariutua vaikka elämässä jo menestyneen rikkaan ja iäkkäämmän miehen kanssa. Perinteisesti naiselle on ollut tärkeää löytää lapsilleen hyvä isä, joten miehen ulkonäkö ei ole ollut niin tärkeää, kun taas miehille myös tämänhetkisen käytöksen perusteella naisen kauneus on yleisesti erittäin tärkeää, että ei ole väliä kuinka menestynyt tai rikas on nainen kunhan on kaunis, mutta kyllä nainenkin lopulta haluaa komean miehen vaikkei ulkonäkö olisi yhtä tärkeää.
Do Women Prefer Older Men? Debunking The Myth
Samaisesta blogista löytyy myös juttua siitä kuinka tärkeää on naiselle miehen ulkonäkö verrattuna varallisuuteen ja kuten olen epäillyt naiset voivat hyvinkin olla näissä ulkonäkötekijöissä poliittisesti korrekteja, että valehtelevat vaikka oikeasti heillekin miehen ulkonäkö olisi tärkeää vaikka tietysti parinvalinnassa lopulta joutuu tekemään valintoja luonteen, varallisuuden ja ulkonäön perusteella, että ei sitä vaan voi liialti nirsoilla ellei sitten nainen hanki Tanskasta spermaa. Vaikka sitä taidetaan usein syyttää miehiä pahoiksi, että pitävät tärkeänä naisella kauneutta ja nuoruutta, niin toisaalta naiset taitavat olla keskimäärin enemmän änkyröitä parinvalinnan osalta, että he vaativat enemmän miehiltä vaikkei tänä päivänä naiselle olisikaan miehen asema tai varallisuus tärkeää. Kirjoituksessa viitataan myös tuohon OKCupid:iin, josta oli aluksi kerroin, jossa voitiin erikoisesti havaita kuinka kielteisesti naiset myös suhtautuivat sekarotuisiin tai monietnisiin parisuhteisiin, mutta olihan miehillä vastaavasti huomattavan kielteinen suhtautuminen mustiin naisiin.
They are conditioned, consciously or unconsciously, to express a politically correct choice and thus they do not wish to be perceived as “shallow”.
One robust constant in studies on mating is that, for almost every studied trait, the partners resemble each other (assortative mating) more than they would if couples were randomly assembled or if compensation for significant deviations from the mean (complementarity) was a priority. Assortative mating, also known as homogamy, has as such been demonstrated in a descending hierarchy in Western societies for factors as diverse as age, education, ethnic origin, religion, attitudes and opinions, intelligence (IQ), socioeconomic status, height, weight, eye color, number of siblings, or physical characteristics (see reviews by Vandenberg, 1972; Jensen, 1978; Thiessen & Gregg, 1980; Merikangas, 1982; Bouchard & McGue, 2003). Similarity between partners on psychological states or traits has also been linked to marital satisfaction (Antill, 1983; Kurdek, 1993; Luteijn, 1994; Murstein & Williams, 1985; Richard et al., 1990; Russel & Wells, 1991) and personal subjective well-being (Arrindell & Luteijn, 2000).Lähde
In summary, three sources of evidence support the notion that men's preferences affect actual behavior in the mating arena. First, men respond more to personal ads advertising qualities that fulfill men's expressed preferences, such as a desire for women who are physically attractive and young. Second, men actually marry younger women, an age difference that increases with each successive marriage. And third, women's mate attraction tactics and derogation of rival tactics map closely onto the dimensions that men prefer in a long-term mate. Specifically, women enhance their appearance as a tactic for attracting men and derogate their rivals on the dimensions of appearance and promiscuity. From all this empirical evidence we can reasonably conclude that men's preferences in a long-term mate affect not only their own mating behavior, but also the mating behavior of women in their mate competition tactics.Lähde
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Feminist writers sometimes portray all men as united for the common goal of oppressing all women (Dworkin, 1987; Faludi, 1991). Evolutionary psychological analyses suggest that this cannot be true because men and women compete mainly against members of their own sexes. Men strive to control resources at the expense of, and to the exclusion of, other men. Men deprive other men of resources, exclude other men from positions of power and status, and derogate other men to make them less desirable to women. The fact that roughly 70 percent of all homicides involve men killing other men is just the tip of the iceberg of costs that men incur as a result of their intrasexual competition (Daly & Wilson, 1988).
Men and women at Northwest University (n = 631), Xi'an, China, were asked to rate the attractiveness of male or female figures manipulated to vary somatotype, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), secondary sexual traits, and other features. In study 1, women rated the average masculine somatotype as most attractive, followed by the mesomorphic (muscular), ectomorphic (slim), and endomorphic (heavily built) somatotypes, in descending order of preference. In study 2, the amount and distribution of masculine trunk (chest and abdominal) hair were altered progressively in a series of front-posed figures. Women rated figures with no or little trunk hair as most attractive. Study 3 assessed the attractiveness of front-posed male figures which varied only in length of their nonerect penis. Numerical ratings for this trait were low, but moderate lengthening of the penis (22% or 33% above average) resulted in a significant increase in scores for attractiveness. In study 4, Chinese men rated the attractiveness of back-posed female images varying in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR from 0.5–1.0). The 0.6 WHR figure was most preferred, followed by 0.7, while figures with higher ratios (0.9 or 1.0) were significantly less attractive. Study 5 rated the attractiveness of female skin color: men expressed a marked preference for images which were lighter in color, as compared to images of average or darker skin colors. These results, the first of their kind reported for a Chinese population, support the view that sexual selection has influenced the evolution of human physique and sexual attractiveness in men and women.Lähde
We use 1990 Census data to examine how mate selection patterns differ by Latinos’ national origin, race, and nativity. We compare their propensity to marry within their own groups, with non-Latino Whites and Blacks and with other Latino Whites and Nonwhites. Latinos’ race plays an important role in assimilation to American society. Latino Whites are more likely than Latino Nonwhites to marry non-Latinos; US-born Latino Whites are more likely than their foreign-born counterparts to marry non-Latino Whites; and US-born Mexican Whites, with a long history in the US, are more likely to intermarry than other US-born Latino Whites. Mate selection patterns of Latino Whites closely follow the predictions of classical assimilation theory. Latino Nonwhites, however, exhibit a different pattern: the US-born are less likely to intermarry than the foreign-born. Racial barrier also is strong within each national-origin group. When Latinos marry outside their own national-origin groups, Whites tend to marry non-Latino Whites, but Nonwhites tend to marry other Latino Nonwhites. This may imply two paths of integration in American society: Latino Whites’ assimilation into American society and Latino Nonwhites’ formation of Latino pan-ethnicity.Lähde
That's what I see every day in California: Latinos with Latinos. This seems especially true for Mexicans, but less true for, say, South Americans. If we assume that LA is test driving the American future, then what we're likely to see is the whiter shades of Hispanics merging into the white population, but also less and less intermarriage of mestizos as their numbers grow larger.Lähde
