Tätä kauneus on katsojan silmissä tekijää voi jokainen tarkkailla vaikka tuolla mielenkiintoisella aikuisviihdesivustolla nimeltään MyFreeCams, jonne ei sitten alaikäisillä ole asiaa valitsemalla mielestäsi ruman tai vähän suositun naisen ja katsomalla ilmaantuuko joku kehumaan naisen ulkonäköä vaikka selvästi suurin osa miehistä olisi eri mieltä. Tässä täytyy tietenkin huomioida samankaltaisista tykkääminen, että vaikka on mielestäni selvää, etteivät valkoiset tai eurooppalaiset miehet yleisesti mustista naisista tykkää, niin hänestä todennäköisemmin tykkää useimmin musta mies.
My thesis suggests that the standard of beauty is not in the eye of the beholder. Instead, our standard of beauty is hardwired in our brains by genes that are selected by natural selection and also influenced by current environmental conditions.Lähde
Väitöskirjatutkimukseni viittaavat siihen, että fyysisellä puoleensavetävyydellä on vankka biologinen pohja, eikä kauneuskäsitys ole vain sosiaalisesti rakentunut mielivaltainen konstruktion, kuten monet humanistit väittävät
While "ideal" beauty continues to change, one-thing remains constant—facial symmetry is key to perceived beauty. “Even though the ideals of beauty have changed over time, perfect proportion is the underlying theme,” says Montreal plastic surgeon Arthur Swift, MD.Lähde
Yup, there's no denying it: Perfect facial symmetry is an important factor when it comes to physical beauty. Science has attested on numerous occasions that our beauty increases when facial symmetry is increased, and decreases when symmetry is decreased, in individual faces. Why is this? Evolution. Research supports the claim that facial symmetry indicates a better coping system for environmental factors, which implies worthiness for mating. Basically, though we might not realize it off the bat, we're more attracted to faces that are symmetrical. And if you look at the laundry list of gorgeous celebrities boasting perfect symmetry, you can see we have idealized facial proportions for quite some time.
With her perfectly balanced oval-shaped face and slim nose that points upward, Grace Kelly was considered the epitome of natural beauty.
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Research has observed that mainly features that are typically characteristic of a gender are often integral in determining attractiveness. There features include a small chin, full lips, high cheekbones, narrow nose, and an overall small face. These are characteristics that are considered very 'female' and thus may indicate youth and fertility, which in turn cause them to be considered attractive [31].Lähde
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By studying preferences and responses of young babies, scientists have been able to understand the objectivity of human beauty. Babies around the age of three to six months were given sets of images to look at and the time spent by each baby looking at the images was monitored. The images had attractiveness ratings provided by adult raters. An analysis of the data showed that the babies were able to distinguish between attractive or unattractive faces. Since babies are not necessarily affected by cross-cultural paradigms, this helps to indicate that appreciation of beauty is a cross-cultural and inherent human characteristic [34].
Understanding the rules of facial beauty is important for esthetic plastic surgery. Averageness and ideal proportions are the most investigated rules. In this paper, we integrate the findings on these two aspects to identify race invariant ideal facial proportions. Extensive research on the averageness hypothesis have verified that average faces are beautiful, which provides an objective way to generate representatives of beautiful faces. In order to ensure ethnic variety, 148 average faces from 61 countries/regions around the world have been collected to build the data set. 26 putative ratio rules, including golden ratio, neoclassical canons, etc., are collected to construct a candidate feature set. We first perform k-means clustering and then examine the 26 rules with respect to accuracy and universality on both the entire average face data set and individual clusters. The results show that: 1) the clustering result is consistent with the anthropologic divisions, 2) the top universal ratio features are consistent across different clusters, and 3) the accuracy of putative ratio rules can be improved by using data driven ideal values. The validity of the corrected ideal facial proportions has been verified on both synthesized faces and well-known beautiful faces in the real world.Lähde
Löytyi artikkeli, jonka otsikkona on kauneus monikulttuurisessa maailmassa, mutta ei taaskaan pääse kokonaan lukemaan, mutta siitä huolimatta alla on muutama poiminta ilmaisesta näytteestä. Kirjoituksessa tuodaan esille kuinka kauneus ei olisi ainoastaan katsojan silmissä. Tältä se näyttää myös oman tutkimukseni perusteella, että ihmiset enimmäkseen näkevät samat ihmiset kauniina, muttei tämä kauneus on katsojan silmissä ole lopulta täysin virheellinen väite, koska on poikkeavia ihmisiä, jotka voivat tykätä esim. valtavan lihavista tai huomattavan rumista naisista. Tämän lisäksi tässä vaikuttaa myös samankaltaisista tykkääminen, että vaikka aasialainen tai musta nainen olisi kaunis eurooppalaisen miehen silmissä, niin ensisijaisesti eurooppalainen mies tykkää ulkonäöllisesti samankaltaisemmista, joka tarkoittaa rotua tai etnisyyttä, mutta myös lopulta eurokeskistä ulkonäköä. Tietenkin tässäkin tapauksessa on poikkeavia ihmisiä, jotka voivat tykätä ainoastaan huomattavan erilaisen ulkonäön omaavista.
Kuten totesin ei tätä mielenkiintoista artikkelia pääse ilmaiseksi lukemaan, kun nähtävästi pyytää siitä 31,50 dollaria, joten lopussa oleva lause jää epäselväksi, mutta siinä todennäköisesti halutaan tuoda esille kuinka sekoittuminen luo myös ulkonäöltään uudenlaisia ihmisiä jollaisia ei ole ennen näkynyt. Onhan näitä erikoisia esim. mulattimaisen ulkonäön omaavia naisia tullut vastaan, joilla on ollut pisamia ja punertavat tiheästi kiharat hiukset, joten tuollaista ulkonäköä ei ole tainnut ennen olla. Vaikka tällaista sekoittumista kasvavassa määrin tapahtuu ei sekoituskaan aina ole kaunis ainakaan tämän hetkisen kauneusihanteen mukaan, jos ajatellaan vaikka leveydeltään pienempää nenää, jota kasvavassa määrin myös Yhdysvalloissa ihmiset muokkaavat, kun latinoillakin tahtoo olla yleisemmin leveydeltään leveämpi nenä, joten kauneuskirurgeilla riittää jatkossakin töitä.
In today’s world, beauty has a very important place. People are instantly judged as being outwardly attractive or not, and increased beauty confers remarkable advantages socially, reproductively, and professionally. Beauty crosses ethnic boundaries and has a huge cultural and economic impact.Lähde
The ancient Greek poet Sappho (seventh century BCE) stated What is beautiful is good. A century later, Plato postulated that what is good and true is beautiful. Literature is filled with examples of villains being ugly and the ugly being evil. Meanwhile, the beautiful hero often swoops in to save the day. That being said, beauty has been a recognized entity for centuries yet we still struggle to define it. The irony is that most of us know it when we see it.
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Is facial beauty a simple or complex idea? Are there a set of ideals or measurements that aesthetically pleasing faces across all ethnicities have in common? Those are questions that provoke lively conversation and debate even among experts of facial analysis. Beauty was once considered to lie in the eyes of the beholder. This was a way of saying that beauty was subjective and ill-defined; a certain face may appear attractive to some people but unattractive to others. How ever, more recent studies have supported a more objective and well-defined concept of beauty. Certain concepts of facial beauty may indeed be timeless. Those concepts include symmetry, averageness, youth, and sexual dimorphism. Many studies have looked into the details of these characteristics.
The modern society is a truly globalized one and this has a definite impact on the perception of beauty. Interracial couples have increased, there is ubiquitous migration, and heightened economic mobility allows for a blurring of ethnic identity. Mixed races and nationalities are the new norm, and this blending of traits often leads to...
Löysin mielenkiintoisen uuden tutkimuksen siitä, että miten ihmiset esim. eri etnisissä ryhmissä näkevät kauneuden ja tutkimuksessa todetaan, että siinä on eroja. Tämä ei kylläkään itseäni hämmästytä, koska olen usein tuonut esille kuinka ihmiset näyttävät enemmän tykkäävän samannäköisistä, mutta toisaalta voidaan havaita kuinka miehiä miellyttää naisen feminiininen, söpö ja neoteninen ulkonäkö, jonka takia esim. aasialainen nainen voi näyttää eurooppalaisen miehen silmissä kauniilta vaikkei olisi täysin eurooppalaisen naisen näköinen.
Vaikka tutkijat tuovat esille kuinka kauneusihanteissa olisi eroja, niin siitä huolimatta ihmiset näyttävät yleisesti tykkäävän pienestä nenästä naisella vaikka sen muodossa ja koossa eri etnisten ryhmien välillä olisi pieniä keskimääräisiä näkemyksellisiä eroja. Alla olevassa tutkimuksessa havaittiin olevan näkemyksellisiä eroja koskien huulia ja leuanpään sijaintia, mutta itseäni kiinnostaisi, että mitä mieltä ihmiset ovat yleisesti prognatismista eli suun alueen eteenpäin työntymisestä verrattuna kasvojen yläosaan. Monien muiden tutkimusten ja omien havaintoni perusteella ihmiset näyttävät yleisemmin tykkäävän siitä, ettei suu liialti työnny eteenpäin verrattuna otsaan.
In recent years, various evaluations of cross-cultural facial attractiveness have shown that respondents assessed the same faces as beautiful and agreed on the importance of certain facial attributes in aesthetic perception independent of the ethnic background of the evaluator.Lähde
This study, however, found a significant impact of, inter alia, ethnic background. This might be due to the focus on specific facial parameters with the ability to alter these minimally. Given the predominance of Latin American and North American responses to the first round of questionnaires, the authors are currently expanding the scope of the survey by targeting Arab, Asian, African, and European countries.
Preferred dimensions of the nose were broken down according to geographic, ethnic, occupational, and sex variables. Interregional comparison revealed that plastic surgeons from Latin America and the Caribbean overall prefer smaller and narrower noses, with more projecting tips, lips, and chins. Similar trends hold true when analyzing results from the general public. Significant differences were found comparing preferences between plastic surgeons and the general public. Plastic surgeons preferred wider nasal roots and tips and, in combination, more projected nasal dorsi, tips, lips, and chins.Lähde
Reply: Nasal Aesthetics: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Google scholar:sta voi etsiä lisää hyvin vanhojakin tutkimuksia, joissa on verrattu eri etnisten ryhmien näkemyksiä esim. hakusanalla cross-cultural facial shape, josta löytyi alla oleva tutkimus, jossa havaittiin kaukaasialaisilla ja japanilaisilla olevan samanlainen naismaku kuinka naisella olisi hyvä olla suuret silmät ja pieni leuka. Uusissa tutkimuksissa on ainakin japanilaisten osalta havaittu kuinka he tykkäävät huomattavan feminiinisestä ulkonäöstä ja kyllä tämän voi laittaa merkille katsomalla myös korealaisia kuinka he haluavat tehdä kasvoistaan sirommat ja suurentaa silmiään.
Facial shape and judgements of female attractiveness
In Korean perspective, beauty means having big eyes, a pale complexion, a sharp and pointed nose, a taller height, and a small chin and mouth. Essentially, South Korean Beauty means looking "white" or Caucasian as possible (Julia Yoo, beauty: the Korean Way articles). Many scholars, books, and articles state that South Korean beauty standard resembles with Caucasian beauty, however I briefly argue that even though Korean Beauty standard is polarized to the western beauty, it could not simply said that Korean Women adopt genuine western beauty standard. Moerch argues:Lähde
The admiration of white skin may go as far back as has it done in the Western world, where pale, white skin was a symbol of wealth and high social status. Big, round, open eyes are said to be a healthy sign of youth along with small 'rolls‘ of puffy skin under the eyes when smiling, whether they‘re possessed by a Westerner or a Korean. A general understanding of beauty in South Korea could be that whether you‘re Caucasian or Asian, the same beauty characteristics apply to people either way. A Caucasian person is considered beautiful if he/she possesses the same qualities in looks that are considered attractive in Asian men/women as well and vice versa. It seems too easy to simply assume that 'big eyes and large breasts‘ fit a more stereotypical Caucasian description, and thereby conclude that the Koreans are aiming to look as Caucasian as possible (Moerch, 2011:3).
Darwin’s theory of sexual selection is much less known that his theory of natural selection, and remained mostly ignored for more than a century.Lähde
Alla voi ihmetellä, että millaisesta ulkonäöstä miehet, että naiset tykkäävät miehellä ja naisella. Ulkonäön perusteella tässä tuovat varmaan esille mieltymyksiään enemmän valkoiset tai eurooppalaiset, joten tässä voidaan havaita myös samankaltaisista tykkääminen, jota ei pidä yleistää esim. itäaasialaisiin tai mustiin afrikkalaisiin. Alla voidaan havaita kuinka naisilla ja miehillä poikkeaa keskimäärin näkemykset kauniin naisen ulkonäöstä. Miehet näyttävät tykkäävän naisessa enemmän muodoista ja tämä on tuotu myös tutkimuksissa esille, kun taas nainen näkee kauniina laihuuden tai barbiemaisuuden. Yksi selitys näihin eroihin voivat olla naisten lehdet, joista naiset saavat vääränlaisen käsityksen kauneudesta miehen näkökulmasta katsottuna, koska miehet kuitenkin tykkäävät enemmän muodoista naisilla. Onhan noissa tutkimuksissa tuotu myös esille kuinka köyhemmissä maissa tykätään enemmän paksummista naisista luultavasti ruoan vähyyden takia, mutta länsimaissa tietysti laihuudesta tai normaalista painosta on tullut tärkeä osa naisen kauneutta, johon liittyy osaltaan lantion huomattava leveys verrattuna vyötäröön ja kuinka rasvat tulee olla naisella oikeissa paikoissa, kuten rinnoissa ja takapuolessa, eikä vatsan alueella, jonne vastaavasti kuuluu sikiö.
Lähde - Bluebella - Secondary sex characteristic
Victor Johnston, a professor of biopsychology at New Mexico State University, conducted an Internet-based survey of 10,000 volunteers on his Web site. Each volunteer was asked to rate sixteen images of Caucasian female faces. Based on the person’s individual tastes a second generation of images was spawned conforming more to the visitor’s tastes. Twenty generations were done for each visitor, and clearly identifiable patterns emerged. The resultant visages had the following traits exaggerated: a shorter lower jaw, fuller lips, and slightly larger eyes (44).Lähde
Other researchers conducting independent experiments find similar results. For example, psychologist David Perrett of the University of St. Andrews found that when he exaggerated traits judged to be attractive in female faces such as an arch in eyebrows, larger eyes, a smaller nose, fuller lips, a narrower jaw, and a smaller chin the result was judged to be even more attractive (45).
Johnston refers to this phenomenon as the “hyperfemale” because each trait is a clear indicator of a high level of estrogen flowing through a female’s body. Besides the face of a woman, much beauty is assigned to her if she possesses larger breasts and hips. These traits are accentuated repeatedly in all manner of media and are also excellent indicators of high estrogen levels in the female body. In fact, as far as hips are concerned there occurs a delightful ratio in conjunction with waistline.
Devendra Singh, a University of Texas psychologist, surveyed men of various backgrounds, nationalities, and ages as diverse as 8 and 85 and found that regardless of race, culture, or age men overwhelmingly prefer a female with a .7 waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (Cowley 6).
A 1993 study conducted by Netherlands researchers of 500 women attempting to be artificially inseminated may have an explanation for this pattern. The study found that the most pregnancies carried to term happen when a woman’s WHR is .7 and that the prospect of conceiving declined by 30 percent for every 10 percent increase in WHR after .7 (6). Estrogen is molding a woman’s body so that it might better sustain a pregnancy.
And men notice when it happens: Singh notes in another study that between the years 1923 and 1990 the WHR of all Playboy centerfolds and Miss America winners stayed within 2% of the coveted .7; from .68 to.72 (6). To evolutionary psychologists there is little surprise that such a WHR also means 80,000 calories of fat, precisely the optimum amount needed to safely and effectively carry a child to term (6). Johnston states that such traits in bodily features “are telling you that I have an abundant supply of estrogen, so I am a fertile female.”
Additional evidence for this claim originates in studies conducted to find the age of females thought to be beautiful. Between 1953 and 1990 the average age of Playboy centerfolds was 21.3 years old (Lemley 46). Additionally, Johnston has found that the beauty of a Japanese female face is thought to be at its peak at 22.4 years (46). Such studies are important because the early twenties are when a woman is most fertile. Female fertility declines by two-thirds between the ages 20-44, and by age 54 menopause has set in, preventing pregnancy (Cowley 5). Johnston, Perrett, Singh, and others argue that such results show that there lies deep within our brains set ideals making beauty at least partially a matter of DNA perpetuating traits that endure.
Many animals find extreme versions of secondary sexual characteristics attractive, and such preferences can enhance reproductive success (Andersson, 1994). We hypothesized, therefore, that extreme versions of sex-typical traits may be attractive in human faces. We created supermale and superfemale faces by exaggerating all spatial differences between an average male and an average female face. In Expt 1 the male average was preferred to a supermale (50% exaggeration of differences from the female average). There was no clear preference for the female average or the superfemale (50% exaggeration). In Expt 2, participants chose the most attractive face from sets of images containing feminized as well as masculinized images for each sex, and spanning a wider range of exaggeration levels than in Expt 1. Chinese sets were also shown, to see whether similar preferences would occur for a less familiar race (participants were Caucasian). The most attractive female image was significantly feminized for faces of both races. However, the most attractive male image for both races was also significantly feminized. These results indicate that feminization, rather than sex exaggeration per se, is attractive in human faces, and they corroborate similar findings by Perrett et al. (1998).Lähde
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According to evolutionary psychobiologists (good genes theory, parental investment theory, etc.,) the universality of what is attractive reflects the importance of health assessment in sexual selection or mate choice and is reflected in the visual aspect of the face and body as well as vocal and olfactory attributes.Lähde
For example, babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome develop distinct patterns of craniofacial and body morphology including reduction of total head size, increased head-body ratio, upper and middle craniofacial asymmetry, telecanthus and features of a long face syndrome with a large gonial angle (Jackson and Hussain, 1990), as well as increased risk for neurobehavioral anomalies (Mattson and Riley, 1998).
Within 150 milliseconds, an observer is able to ascertain familiarity, gender, age, ethnicity, emotional state, attractiveness and even health status of an individual. Defining some of these characteristics is relatively easy, however, when it comes to more abstract qualities such as gender, familiarity, and attractiveness, things become a little more complicated.Lähde
Extensive amounts of research have been conducted in an attempt to define what makes certain individuals more attractive than others. Everything from youthfulness and symmetry to averageness and sexual dimorphisms has been explored. In particular, youthfulness, which is typically associated with femininity, has become an area of growing interest. Its contribution to perceived attractiveness is theorized to be rooted in our evolution. The more youthful (i.e. reproductively fertile) one looks, the more likely they are to catch the attention of their potential mates. Further proof for this theory lies in the fact that for women, it is known that with age comes the development of more masculine features. The contribution that femininity has over the perceptions of female facial attractiveness has been well established, but one question still remains: does this relationship exist in the opposite gender?
Alta löytyy mielenkiintoinen puolalaisten tekemä tutkimus kauneudesta, jossa tutkijat ovat oikein käyneet kysymässä Indonesialle kuuluvan Papuan Yali heimolta mielipiteitä näyttämällä heille kuvia rumista ja kauniista ihmisistä.
Many studies reported high inter-racial and inter-cultural agreement in perception of facial attractiveness (Langlois et al., 2000). However, most of the studies were conducted among populations highly exposed to Western culture. Such groups could have assimilated the European standards of facial attractiveness through social learning (Little et al., 2011b) or thanks to visual experience with faces of White people (Little et al., 2011a). Indeed, the level of agreement with the standards in Black people (Martin, 1964), Koreans (Lim and Giddon, 1991) and Mexicans (Mejia-Maidl et al., 2005) depends on the degree of exposure to the Western culture. Black people (Martin, 1964), Asians (Maganzini et al., 2000; Choe et al., 2004; Soh et al., 2005), and Amerindians (Husein et al., 2010) prefer faces of own races that possess proportions typical for White individuals. Brazilians from cities inhabited mainly by dark-skinned people prefer facial proportions characteristic for Europeans rather than natives (Jones and Hill, 1993). Non-White women endeavor to make appearance of their faces similar to faces of White women (Dobke et al., 2006; Sturm-O’Brien et al., 2010). And in the opposite direction, the longer a White man stays in a non-Western society, the stronger is attracted to physical features being typical for local people (Symons, 1995, p. 107).Lähde
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Surprisingly, existing literature has examined only cross-cultural differences in assessments of attractiveness. Meanwhile, the topic of unattractiveness has been neglected. To our knowledge, only Boski (2009) suggested that inter-population similarity in perception of unattractiveness or ugliness might be higher than similarity in perception of attractiveness or beauty in human faces. He did not conduct systematic research on that topic, but he observed that his Polish, Canadian and Nigerian students agreed more on unattractiveness of faces (Nigerian generals and politicians) than on their attractiveness.
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Yali faces proved quite different in shape from Polish ones: the t-test revealed a significant difference for 14 out of 15 facial distances being measured. First of all, Yali faces were distinguished by lowly placed eyebrows, wide nose, wide mouth, short chin, narrow jaw, and lip corners close to facial contour (Cohen’s d > 2 for each of these features). The discriminant analysis correctly classified each reference face with a probability of 0.99998 or higher and each test face with a probability of 0.9999998 or higher.
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The aforementioned characteristics do not explain why the most attractive female face was the A face and why this was particularly true for Polish judges. In comparison to B-D faces, it was not characterized by high geometric similarity to the typical Polish face or low similarity to the typical Yali face (Table 2). The reason of its appeal could be that it was decisively the most feminine female face. Because hard living conditions make men prefer relatively more masculine faces in women (Pettijohn and Jungeberg, 2004; Pettijohn and Tesser, 1999), the Papuan males might not be attracted to a conspicuous femininity.
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Intra-group agreement in choice of the most attractive and unattractive female and male face was higher for Europeans (Poles) than indigenous Papuans (Yali tribe), which probably resulted from the scant visual experience of Papuans with European faces and ignorance of Western standards of beauty. Despite these, Yali perceived attractiveness somewhat similarly to the Polish judges and the similarity was higher for choice of the least than the most attractive face. The latter finding cannot be attributed to a greater ease in choosing the lowly than highly attractive face because intra-group agreement in choice of the unattractive face was not higher than for the most attractive one.
It seems that skin condition indicative of a poor health is a cross-cultural criterion of low attractiveness. It is understandable in light of the universal character of skin cues to health and disease (Fitzpatrick, Wolff, Johnson, and Suurmon, 2005) and importance of the partner’s health for reproductive success of the choosing person (Buss, 1999). This claim conforms with Ford and Beach’s analysis of ethnographic data that “a poor complexion is one feature that is considered sexually repulsive in a large number of societies” (Ford and Beach, 1951, p. 89) and Symons’ conjecture that “tendencies to pay close attention to skin condition and to be attracted by a clear, clean complexion probably are innate human dispositions” (Symons, 1979, p.187). Poor health status reflected in skin condition may have a genetic origin (see the bad genes hypothesis, Zebrowitz and Rhodes, 2004) or result from non-genetic factors, like infections or diet (Tybur and Gangestad, 2011). On the other hand, criteria for recognizing highly attractive faces seem to be more complex, specific to each population, and dependent on the population’s ecological conditions and morphological characteristics (even though we found no empirical support for the latter factor). Skin look may weigh less here than for perception of low attractiveness, which was evident for Papuan judges who strongly preferred a bad-skinned male face.
Lähde - Lisää kuvia
Alla olevassa tutkimuksessa on paljon mielenkiintoista tietoa siitä, että millaisesta ulkonäöstä naisilla eri rotuun tai etniseen ryhmään kuuluvat miehet, että naiset tykkäävät. Mustat miehet kertovat tykkäävänsä vaalean ruskeista silmistä, vaalean ruskeasta tai karamellin värisestä ihosta ja mustista aaltoilevista tai kiharista hiuksista. Jos oikein tiedän on huomattavalle osalla mustista naisista vaikeaa täyttää näitä toiveita, koska silmät taitavat usein olla tumman ruskeat, hiukset kähärät ja ihonväri tumman ruskea, joten ei ole ihme, jos mustat naiset Yhdysvalloissa käyttävät paljon ihonvärin vaalennusvoiteita ja suoristavat kähärän tukan aaltoilevaksi tai ostavat peruukin.
Crosstabs were run on ten different dependent variables in relation to the sex and race of each participant. Data analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between seven of the dependent variables—the participants’ preferences in a woman’s skin color, hair type, hair length, hair color, height, breast size, and makeup look—and their sex. The eye color, body type, and butt size chosen as the most physically attractive did not have a statistically significant relationship with the sex of the participant. The results in Tables 2 through 11 show that men in this study think that a woman who is between 5'3" and 5'6", who has an hourglass body shape, large breasts, a medium-sized butt, fair skin, green eyes, and straight hair that is medium-length and either dark brown or blond, and who wears little makeup so that it looks natural, is the most physically attractive. On the other hand, while the women in this study would agree with the men that a woman is most attractive if she is between 5'3" and 5'6", has an hourglass body shape, large breasts, a medium-sized butt, fair skin, and green eyes, and wears little makeup, they think that the most beautiful hair is dark brown, wavy, and long. The men and women in this study thus agreed on seven traits and differed on three.Lähde
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Black students in this study agree with white and Hispanic students that long hair, an hourglass body shape, a medium-sized butt, a height range between 5'3" and 5'6", and natural makeup is the most attractive. However, they would define light brown eyes, light brown/caramel skin, medium breasts, and black wavy hair as being the most appealing.
Attractiveness judgment in the context of mate preferences describes the extent to which one individual is ‘attracted to’ or ‘drawn-in’ by another individual as a potential sexual partner. Attractiveness is fundamentally an index of mate quality, referring to an absolute scale of genetic fitness and a relative scale of self-similarity (shared genes) [1]. Physical symmetry, facial averageness, and sexual dimorphism are universal cues of attractiveness and the basic elements of the absolute scale. Symmetry signals good immuno-competence during development in spite of its inherent challenges[2], [3]. Facial averageness refers to the degree to which a given face resembles the majority of faces, the norm, within a given population. Evolutionary theories suggest that an average face is attractive because an alignment of features that is close to a population typicality is linked to genetic diversity [4], [5], which may result in less common proteins to which pathogens are poorly adapted. On the other hand, extreme (non-average) genotypes are more likely to be homozygous for deleterious alleles [5].Lähde
Features that highlight sexual dimorphism are related to hormone levels. In females, a more delicate bone structure, full lips, a small nose, and large eyes are rated as more feminine and attractive [6]; these features have been associated with higher levels of estrogen, and are thought to signal fecundity [7] and immuno-competence [8]. Conversely, characteristically male facial features, such as a square jaw, a heavier brow, and thinner lips are related to testosterone levels during development [9]. Testosterone is known to depress the immune system [10] and only those males with the best genes for immuno-competence should display these epigamic traits [11].
On the relative scale, similarity to the observer [12] generally enhances perceived attractiveness [13]–[16]. This phenomenon might be related to kin selection [17]. For example, in a study utilizing interactive financial investment games, DeBruine [18] found that people were more likely to trust those with whom they share a facial resemblance. Similarly, in a public good task, Krupp, DeBruine, and Barcay [19] found that people contributed more to the group when their group consisted of members whose faces resembled their own faces.
