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Racial Variations of HairLähde
Shape: There are no biochemical differences in hair between racial groups, however morphological differences have been documented. Caucasian hair is typically straight or wavy, round/oval on cross section and the hair follicle is straight. Asian hair is straight, round on cross-section, contains a straight follicle and the diameter tends to be greater than in the other groups. The hair of blacks tends to be curly, elliptical on cross-section and emanates from a curved hair follicle. Lindelof et al. determined that the shape of the hair follicle is what produces the shape of the hair.
Breakage: Breakage is a frequent problem with the hair of blacks. Khumalo et al. examined hair samples from African, Caucasian and Asian volunteers and compared the damage caused by normal hair grooming. Light and scanning electron microscopic examination revealed 10-16% of black African hairs exhibited knots and were intertwining, interlocking and appeared broken. Repeated breaks of the hair shaft with no attached roots were present in the African hairs, and the hair was shorter than in the other two groups.
Density: There are racial differences in hair density. A retrospective study of scalp biopsies on 22 African-Americans and 12 Caucasians showed that the total hair density, number of terminal follicles and number of anagen hairs were lower in the African-American subjects. A study by Bernstein and Rassman5 found that variations in follicular units per square millimeter were less in Africans (0.6%) than in Caucasians (1.0%), Asians (1.0%) or Chinese (0.7%) patients. Even though the hair density was less in Africans, their predominant hair grouping was greater, i.e. three hairs per follicular unit, as compared to two hairs per follicular unit in Caucasians, Asians, and Chinese. Clinically, these racial variations in hair density become important in interpreting scalp biopsies and evaluating hair restoration in black patients with hair loss.
Dryness: Black hair appears to be inherently dry. This dryness is related to the decreased ability of sebum to coat the hair adequately. Therefore moisturizing maintenance hair styling products are used frequently to add shine and assist with combing and manageability.
Ethnic Hairstyles and Hair Grooming Practices
Black hair styling is extremely diverse. The hair often needs higher levels of attention to achieve manageability, convenience and style. Although some blacks choose natural or chemical-free hair styles (see Natural Alternatives to Hair Straightening), others commonly use techniques of hair straightening, which can be achieved by either thermal (hot-combing) or chemical (hair relaxing) means.
Thermal straightening: Thermal straightening is a temporary process that involves hydrogen bond rearrangement within the hair shaft. This process is accomplished by lubricating the hair with pressing oil, containing substances such as mineral oil, petrolatum, ceresin wax or cetyl alcohol, and combing the hair in sections with a metal comb heated to 300-500°F. Because this method is temporary, exposure to shampooing, water or humidity can cause reversion and return the hair to its natural curly state.
Chemical straightening: In contrast, chemical straightening is the permanent rearrangement of disulfide bonds within the hair shaft. The process uses several principal chemical agents: sodium hydroxides (lye relaxers), lithium and guanidine hydroxides (no-lye relaxers), and ammonium thioglycolate (permanent waves, curly perms). It has been estimated that approximately 70-80% of black women chemically relax their hair and require “touch-ups” to straighten the new growth every 6-8 weeks.
Common Hair and Scalp Disorders in Blacks
Seborrheic dermatitis: Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic papulosquamous disease of sebum rich areas of skin that is caused by an inflammatory response to yeast, Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum ovale). The incidence varies from 2-5% of the total population. Although no racial or ethnic predisposition has been reported in the literature, the incidence may be higher in black women due to the frequency of hair washing. While males with short natural hair cuts wash their hair daily, many black females wash their hair less frequently, from once per week to every four weeks, depending upon their current hairstyle. Thus, an overgrowth of yeast occurs and may place this population at a higher incidence of scalp dermatoses.
Traction alopecia: Traction alopecia, also known as traumatic alopecia marginalis, is a condition of hair loss commonly seen in black women and children who prefer hairstyles (such as tight braids, ponytails, weaves and dredlocks) that cause tension on the hair. Hair rollers have also been implicated as a factor in traction alopecia.
Antropologi Peter Frostin kirjoitus liittyen osaltaan uuteen vaalean hiusvärin aiheuttavaan alleeliin.
Why this uncoupling of European hair, eye, and skin color? These three color traits have probably undergone divergent selection pressures. Moreover, in all three cases the selection pressure seems to have acted primarily on women and only secondarily on men—an indication of some form of sexual selection where women were the sex in excess supply on the mate market (Frost, 2014). Because skin color is sexually dimorphic in all humans, with women being the "fair sex," this dimorphism may have biased sexual selection in the direction of increasingly lighter skin.Lähde
Alla on pari uutta tutkimusta afroamerikkalaisten ja muutenkin mustien hiuksista, joista aiheutuu monenlaisia ongelmia elämässä. Tätä asiaa pitäisi enemmän tutkia liittyen sekarotuisiin parisuhteisiin, että kuinka paljon hiukset, ihonväri ja monet muut tekijät ulkonäössä vaikuttavat esim. valkoisten miesten halukkuuteen pariutua mustan naisen kanssa. Tutkimuksessa voisi näyttää eri etnisiin ryhmiin kuuluville miehille naisia, joilla olisi esim. kähärä lyhyt tukka, lyhyet hiukset ja pitkät hiukset, että kenet naisista yleisemmin miehet valitsevat. Tällä hetkellä pitkät hiukset naisella näyttävät olevan suosiossa, joten olettaisiin suurimman osan valitsevan pitkät hiukset, jotka ovat myös kiiltävät. Tätä ongelmaa ei tietenkään ole aasialaisilla naisilla, joilla hiukset kasvavat helposti pitkiksi ja suoriksi.
I am focusing my argument on women because black women face issues with their hair that differ from those experienced by black men; in addition to confronting issue of race with their hair, they must also address expectations about beauty and femininity. Black women are more often expected to embrace and embody European standards of beauty than their male counterparts. Black women constantly receive pressure about their appearance from white, dominant society. Some black men have also imposed these standards on black women. This means that black women are being critiqued from every direction including from within themselves. Their hair is an inescapable link to their blackness and to their womanhood.Lähde
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First, to be most feminine and hence most attractive, women’s hair should be long, curly or wavy, and preferably blonde (Clayson and Maughan 1986; Rich and Cash 1993). It should most definitely be not gray (Kenner Furman 1997) or kinky (suggesting either African or Jewish heritage). Second, women’s hair should look intentionally styled…. Similarly, there is a widespread agreement that women should spend time, effort, and money on making their hair attractive (Synott 1987). Finally, women’s hair should look different from men’s hair (Synott 1987).
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Blackness has, for centuries, been a signifier of inferiority, doom, and death among other negatives. Not surprisingly, visual signifiers of blackness have negative connotations as well. These signifiers which have been defined as racial include: dark skin tones, kinky or wooly hair, full lips, and wide noses. Whites have used these signifiers of blackness as “proof” of the black person’s inferiority in comparison to whites.
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Black women have been considered beautiful only when their features met white beauty ideals—hair included. The most beautiful hair on a black woman is as close to straight as possible and long—most similar to a white woman’s hair and most different from the predominant textures represented in the African American community. While contemporary depictions of black beauty have been more diverse than in the past, most black women still feel hindered by the historical archetypes including: the mammy figure, the Tragic Mulatto, and the Jezebel. If a black woman is too heavy she fears being identified as a Mammy figure, and so on.
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Some scholars say that in order to assimilate and avoid archetypes and stereotypes, black women chase white beauty ideals by purchasing bleaching creams, getting plastic surgery procedures for more European features, and straightening their hair. Scholars who support this view assert that those who assimilate support the inferiority of black beauty. This phenomenon is called “The Lily Complex.”
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The New Negro woman embraced “good” grooming and Eurocentric beauty ideals so much because she realized that many whites judged the entire black population based on the behavior of a few. These club women believed that if they could ensure that most black women were presenting themselves respectably, the respect for the black race amongst whites would increase. The lightening of skin was possible due to skin lightening creams that made their way onto the market during this time. Nevertheless, they were not miracle workers and could not make a black woman white. What could bring a black woman one step closer to whiteness, to social mobility, to education, to respect, and to power (or so they believed) was the straightening of hair. As such, the African American hair care business was born out of recognition of the the need for group respectability and the high demand for products that would make conventially attractive straight hair accessible to all.
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As evidenced by advertisements from her cosmetics company (Figure 4), Madame C.J. Walker not only had a vertitable hair and cosmetics empire with a wide variety of products, she also promoted New Negro idealism with her marketing campaigns. Her advertisements featured predominately light complected black women with straight hair, delicate noses, and small lips. Their hair is perfectly coiffed in elegant, straightened waves. The women in some of her other advertisements could have even passed for white.
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The article even includes a brief statement from a psychiatrist regarding natural hair. Dr. Kermit T. Mehlinger said, “We live in a society where the standards of beauty are white standards. Negro women generally put a high premium on this standard but the genes just won’t go along with it. The net result is that a great number of Negro women are bent on achieving impossible standards of beauty.”
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Andre Walker developed his curl typing system in 1997 by taking the standard hairdresser texture classes and expanding them to fit in curly and kinky textures as well. Walker’s system includes four hair types: straight or type 1, wavy or type 2, curly or type 3, and kinky or type 4. His system is problematic because it associates straight hair with the number 1, a common symbol of top rank (i.e. 1st place), and kinkier hair with a lower status. This could be due to cultural constructions of beauty and the current hair typing system. Women that do not possess a natural curl pattern are categorized as 4b’s and 4c’s, while those with looser wavy to curly textures are anywhere from a 2a to a 4a.
One beauty standard derived from the Northern European look is hair follicles that grow from a rounded shaft that causes the hair to grow flat and have a straight appearance. However, women of African lineage usually have hair that emerges from an oval-like shaft which causes the hair to curl and fold into a loose or tight spiral shape (Wilson and Russell, 1996). Racialized hair differences caused more than visual divides, “unfortunately, in a society with a strong history of racial prejudice, such differences are not without social and even economic consequences” (ibid, p. 78). Because of this, one of the main features that blacks altered was their hair. A common notion among African Americans was that women’s hair that was straight or wavy like Europeans, was considered more attractive and had “good hair,” while those who had tightly coiled and kinky had “bad hair” (Banks, 2000, p.85). Black female slaves would even use pig lard to help their hair lie flat. Signifying its service to racialized hierarchy, hair texture was considered the most telling characteristic of Black status. Byrd and Tharps write, “the rule of thumb was that if the hair showed just a little bit of kinkiness a person would be unable to pass as White” (2001).Lähde
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A more blunt discussion about the influence of Eurocentric beauty values on African American ideas of hair takes place in the video “The Natural Hair Doll Test” by vlogger Chime Edwards, better known as Haircrush to her 141,000 YouTube subscribers. In this video Edwards recreates Kenneth and Mamie Clark's Black Doll Experiment of the 1940s where they asked Black children which doll they preferred to play with between a White doll and a Black doll. The results of those tests revealed that the majority of the children chose the White doll. Edwards re-conducted this experiment using a natural-haired doll and a straight-haired doll to see which hair type a group of African American children preferred. The video claims that 65 percent of the children included in the experiment preferred the doll with straight hair (Edwards, 2013). The comments left on Chime’s video reveal the anger that many Black women of YouTube’s natural hair community feel towards negative ideas that still exist about kinky hair.
Commenter Janespeaks specifically blames White people for the stigmas surrounding natural hair and the dominant White standards for beauty. She writes: The GREATEST lie ever told was that Caucasian people are "White.” "White" implies that they are faultless, innocent & pure. They not only conditioned the world to believe they were the standard of beauty, but also entitled to privileges that others would normally have to earn. The conditioning not only harmed African descendants but ALL ethnicities, for different reasons. Many African descendants carry an inferiority complex & "Whites" carry a delusional superiority complex. It's all so sad. (Janespeaks, 2013)
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“I have straight nigga naps. I want hair like yours so I won’t be so mad all the time and think about putting a perm in it.” –Cece Victor, 2013a
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Now a lot of go through this. We don’t want to admit it about wishing that we had a certain kind of curl. Because going natural you want to send out that message that you embrace who you are and what’s coming out of your scalp, but there are some times when you’re like, “These curls. I can’t do nothing about them. Ughhh” and you know, “I wish. I wish. I wish.” (Guy, 2010)
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The first question I get a lot is am I biracial. I am not biracial. I am Black. Both of my parents are African American. That’s all I know. I don’t care about that. There’s nothing wrong with biracial people, but I’m just telling you right now that I am Black. I’m African American. (Lewis, 2013)
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Although people are quick to judge people's race by the length of their hair, let's not be too quick to judge those people. The first thing you might think if you see a darker woman with long hair is, "oh she's mixed." You may not say it, but you may think it. If you don't think that, then good for you, but with the society we live in, let's face it, lots of people with long hair are mixed. (Stėwärt, 2013)
Alta löytyy arizonalaisessa naisten vankilassa tehty tutkimus koskien kauneutta ja varsinkin pitkiä hiuksia. Tutkimuksessa käy hauskasti ilmi kuinka tutkija itse ei ennen vankilaan menoa ollut kiinnostunut erityisesti meikkaamisesta tai hiusten hoidosta, mutta näiden vankilassa olevien naisten takia innostui itsekin kaunistautumisesta, että katsoi myös youtube:ssa olevia videoita, joista olen itsekin kertonut kuinka niistä voi hämmästyttävästi havaita kuinka suuria muutoksia ulkonäölleen nainen saa aikaan meikkaamisella. Vaikka on valitettavaa, että naisilla kuluu paljonkin rahaa ja aikaa meikkaamiseen, niin kyllä meikkaamisesta on tutkimusten perusteella hyötyä, kun nainen varsinkin saa tehtyä kasvoista näyttävämmät ja enemmän miehistä erottuvat, koska miehet eivät yleisemmin meikkaa.
There were other, more controllable aspects of my self-presentation that I didn’t even realize were structuring my own daily practices until I reflected on them much later. While I entered the field with an interest in feminine production, I had never been much of a makeup wearer, and had never taken an interest in intricate hair styling. As my fieldwork progressed, I found myself starting to wear makeup, and even waking up earlier and earlier to style my hair.Lähde
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Questioning Ge-Ma’s opinion about how much hair to trim, Toni seeks affirmation that her hair is healthy, directly asking Ge-Ma (line 9), and repeating her question when Ge-Ma doesn’t immediately respond (line 11). After affirming that Toni’s hair is healthy, Ge-Ma supports her opinion by describing long hair as sexy and valuable (lines 16-18), and associating Toni with the culturally valuable symbols of youth, femininity, and beauty. Sexiness as an aesthetic value is complicated in a prison context where sexual relations are prohibited, homosexual identities are policed,8 and there are minimal chances to display heterosexual orientations. Short hair was associated with homosexuality on the prison yard. Toni’s declaration that she would never cut her hair short (Lines 19-20) and her elaboration “especially in prison” (lines 22-25) hints at these connotations, judging women on the yard who undergo drastic haircuts.
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After a brief pause in verbal communication, during which Scissors is cutting, Scissors tells Cherry she has “good hair” (line 3). This African American in-group term can represent multiple stances toward hair, depending on who is uttering it to whom. Like other in-group terms that can have positive connotations within African American contexts, such as Nappy and Kinky, when they are uttered by a white speaker they become political, engaging a long history of racialization through hair (Banks 2000, Smitherman 1977). These terms are often taken up as racist, and can have consequences for out-group members that utter them. In this instance, Scissors voices mainstream beauty norms, mobilizing the loaded term to compliment Cherry by associating her with the white standard of valuable hair.
Katselin Google:lla, että mitä löytyy hakusanalla feminine beauty ja sieltä tietenkin löytyy tuttu sivusto, johon ei ole valitettavasti tullut pitkään aikaan päivityksiä, että onko sivuston ylläpitäjä saanut aiheesta tarpeekseen. Tästä huolimatta löytyi myös Renee nimisen naisen ylläpitämä The Feminine Woman sivusto, jossa hän tuo esille kuinka naisella olisi hyvä olla pitkät kiiltävät kauniit hiukset. Nämä hiukset ovat nähdäkseni yksi syy, miksi miehet eivät yleensä mustista naisista tykkää, kun taas aasialaisilla naisilla tahtoo kasvaa hiukset helposti pitkiksi.
I can’t stress enough how much a long mane of hair helps. It needs to be healthy, shiny and well taken care of. Feminine women do not find taking care of their long hair a chore. They revel in the femininity and beauty that their hair gives them. Brush your hair regularly and condition it.Lähde
Tuli vastaan uutinen Yhdysvaltojen Houston:sta, jossa eilen ryövättiin Beauty Supply kauppa, jossa myydään esim. hiuksiin liittyviä tuotteita. Ennen kuin katselin videota ajattelin, että luultavasti tässä afroamerikkalaiset ovat varastamassa, koska heitä kiinnostavat eniten peruukit ja onhan näitä tapauksia ollut ennenkin, että netistä löytyy esim. video, jossa musta nainen yrittää varastaa itäaasialaisten omistamasta kaupasta peruukin tai hiuslisäkkeen. Olen tästä asiasta ennenkin kertonut kuinka Yhdysvalloissa monet hiuksia myyvät kaupat ovat korealaisten omistamia ja osa afroamerikkalaisista näkee tämän huonona, että miksei kauppojen omistajat ole afroamerikkalaisia. Onhan tällainen ajattelu aika rasistista, mutta nyt kun afroamerikkalaiset ostavat paljon tuotteita itäaasialaisilta, niin rahaa valuu heille, eikä afroamerikkalaisille, joka vastaavasti parantaisi afroamerikkalaisten elintasoa.
Katso video
Hiusten varastaminen mustien toimesta näyttäisi olevan yleistä. Nämä videot ja esim. monet hiuksia myyvät verkkokaupat kertovat hyvin siitä kuinka kähärät hiukset ovat monelle mustalle naiselle ongelma, että harvemmin valkoiset tai aasialaiset naiset peruukkeja tai hiuslisäkkeitä ostavat. Alla olevassa videossa voi hauskasti havaita uutislukijalla olevan pitkät hiukset, mutta tämä ei poista sitä, etteikö naisen ulkonäköä olisi hiusten osalta korostettu käyttämällä hiuslisäkkeitä, että ei pidä ajatella ainoastaan mustien naisten käyttävän hiuslisäkkeitä.
Thief With Baby Fights Clerk After Attempting To Steal Hair Weave
Youtube:n oikeasta valikosta voi muutenkin ihmetellä elämää yhdysvalloissa, mutta näistä videoista ei välttämättä kannata tehdä yleistyksiä. Jos katsoo paljonkin videoita voi laittaa merkille, että millä tavalla esim. mustat keskimäärin käyttäytyvät. Alla olevassa videossa voi nähtävästi ihmetellä aasialaisten omistamassa kynsien hoitoliikkeessä olevia mustia asiakkaita ja vaikka tunnetusti mustilla naisilla sanotaan olevan takapuolessa ja rinnoissa kokoa, jonka pitäisi miellyttää miestä on nähdäkseni kuitenkin videossa näkyvä aasialainen nainen eurooppalaisen miehen näkökulmasta usein kauniimpi, jonka myös interracial parisuhdetilastot osoittavat.
Fight in the nail shop!!
Long before TV—in 15th- and 16th- century Italy, and possibly two millennia ago—women were dying their hair blond. Women's desire to look like Barbie—young with small waist, large breasts, long blond hair, and blue eyes—is a direct, realistic, and sensible response to the desire of men to mate with women who look like her. There is evolutionary logic behind each of these features.Lähde
Blond hair is unique in that it changes dramatically with age. Typically, young girls with light blond hair become women with brown hair. Thus, men who prefer to mate with blond women are unconsciously attempting to mate with younger (and hence, on average, healthier and more fecund) women. It is no coincidence that blond hair evolved in Scandinavia and northern Europe, probably as an alternative means for women to advertise their youth, as their bodies were concealed under heavy clothing.
you really don't look good with bone strait chinese bang type weave. she is right that your facial features dont go with your weave at all It looks hella foolish, you look like one of the characters from planet of the apes, i am a dark skinned black women too and i have a broad nose and big lips just like you, i know i would look stupid as hell with some white/indian or chinese chicks hair sewed on to my head. Most black women try to justify their self hate they wear weaves for varietyLähde
The length and quality of hair is yet another cue that can be read when assessing a woman’s attractiveness. A study was conducted interviewing 230 women at various public locations about their age, subjective health, and relationship status. Researchers also collected measures for hair length, and hair quality (Hinsz, Matz, and Patience, 2001). Hair length and quality were strong cues to youth. Younger women tend to have longer hair than older women; furthermore, observers’ judgments of the quality of women’s hair were also positively correlated with women’s subjective judgments of their own health. Fink, Neuser, Deloux, Roeder, and Matts (2013) found that healthy hair was rated as younger, healthier, and more attractive than damaged hair. Hair can also significantly increase or alter female facial attractiveness.Lähde
White women don't wear cornrows near as much as black women wear silky weaves and you and I both know it.Lähde
When a white woman (besides a wigger) has her hair in some french braids it's usually a novelty style done out of being "adventurous" or "daring". They'll wear their hair like that once and then never do it again.
When a black woman is wearing an Indian or Russian weave it's an everyday hair style that they'll be rocking for years and years and years to come.
Katselin taas Google Scholar:sta tutkimuksia koskien ihmisten ulkonäköä ja vaikka on vaikeaa muistaa olenko tämän alla olevan tutkimuksen jo maininnut, niin tässä tutkimuksessa voi jälleen kerran huomata kuinka tutkija tarkkailee ihmisten ulkonäköä, että kuinka paljon on valkoisia tai mustia ja kuinka hyvin jonkun henkilön ulkonäkö vastaa jollekin rodulle tyypillistä. Tämä on sinänsä hauska juttu, koska rotuja ei pitäisi olla olemassa, mutta siitä huolimatta tutkija laittaa merkille kuinka kauniit sekarotuisetkin näyttävät lähes kuin valkoiselta naiselta.
Previous studies indicate a disproportionately large percentage of advertisements with Black models possessing features that are more Caucasian than Negroid (Brown 1993; Strutton & Lumpkin, 1993). hooks (1992) indicates that when fashion catalogues began to include minority women, they selected bi racial or light skin Black women, particularly with blond or light brown hair. “The non-white models appearing in these catalogues must resemble as closely as possible their White counterparts so as not to detract from the racialized subtext” (p.72). In this case, the racialized subtext conveys a message of colorblindness. In race discourse, color blindness means that people pretend not to observe or recognize race difference (Smith, 2004). It becomes difficult for the teen magazine reader to discern racial difference because the White standard of beauty is prevalent within magazines.Lähde
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The popularity of hair straightening, a chemical process that makes kinky or Negroid hair appear more European or straight, indicates the level to which the Black population is affected by the White standard of beauty (Henriques, 1953). Straight hair is constructed as a sign of femininity and sends a message about social status. Historically, “good hair” has been linked with the light skin middle class whereas “bad hair” with Blacks who occupy a lower status. Some authors, such as Orlando Patterson, (1982) claim hair texture has continuously been more significant than skin color in racial politics. When models with straightened or lightened hair appear in high culture teenage beauty magazines it signifies that White beauty is a commodity available for purchase.
Uusia tutkimus Google Scholar:sta löydettynä, jossa miehet ovat nähneet vaaleat hiukset naisella seksikkäänä. Onhan tämä tietenkin merkille pantavaa varsinkin länsimaissa, että esim. aikuisviihteessä on huomattavan paljon vaaleahiuksisia naisia.
Results showed that the experimental manipulation of hair color frequency did not significantly influence hair-color attractiveness. However, there were sex differences in ratings: men rated blond hair as most sexually attractive and women rated both blond and brown hair equally as attractive as red hair. Self-reported natural hair color had weak but significant effects on hair color preferences, but these effects disappeared when we restricted analyses to participants of European descent only. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that men’s preferences for women’s hair color are negative frequency-dependent, favoring rare hair colors.Lähde
This study explores the possibility that women's hair signals their reproductive potential. Evolutionary psychology and related approaches are considered as rationales for the belief that women's hair is a signal for mate selection and attraction. A sample of women were approached in public places and surveyed as to their age, hair quality, marital status, hair length, children, and overall health. A significant correlation between hair length and age indicated that younger women tend to have longer hair than older women. Hair quality was correlated with women's health. Consistent with the principle of intersexual selection, the results of this study indicate that hair length and quality can act as a cue to a woman's youth and health and, as such, signify reproductive potential. Future directions for research on women's hair are discussed.Lähde
Today, conflicting views exist regarding the African American economy where Blacks are applauded for breakthroughs and growth in the cosmetic industry while conversely being criticized for an obsessive overconsumption of hair products and for “sustaining a multi-billion dollar Black hair care industry,” (Robinson, 2009). Patents including Madam C.J. Walker’s hot comb in the early 1900’s along with George E. Johnson’s chemical relaxer in the 1960’s were created by Black Americans for Black Americans to obtain straight styles and were generally considered major strides in both the African American social, economic, and hair struggles (Thompson, 2009). Today, over 70 percent of Black women chemically relax their hair while some African Americans are combating notions of “good” hair and have criticized the tendency of Black women to resort to chemicals, wigs, and weaves to alter their natural hair textures, including Chris Rock’s humorous film Good Hair (2009) shedding light on these issues.Lähde
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Robinson (2011) compares hair textures to the “color complex” or “colorism,” an intra-racial hierarchy or grading system on the basis of skin tone where lighter complexions are viewed as superior in status and beauty, (p. 359). Within the greater Black community are perceptions of “good” and “bad” hair, where “bad” hair is coiley, highly textured and more Afrocentric, while “good” hair is “wavy or straight in texture,” and more Eurocentric, (p. 359). Within the natural hair discourse, a texture continuum also exists where the values of hair types become parallel in some ways and inversed in others. Kinkier textures revealing of African descent are considered more pure or authentic, while looser textures revealing of interracial mixing and Whiteness are less authentic. At the same time, certain curl patterns and longer hair lengths tend to be valued similarly to how Eurocentric features are often valued as “good.”
We know that European hair, which is widely touted as the best hair that can be found, is obviously best suited to Europeans who want added hair. The shine and the natural formations, the hair thickness and the light movement you see in the hair, these are all recognizably European. And remember: the hair is thinner, but the density is much higher on a Caucasian scalp, so added hair must match this. If you try to substitute Asian hair for European hair you will lose the characteristic lightness you usually see in European hair and you may have to perm to get the natural European form you want.Lähde
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Perhaps being a European living in China for 8 years has hardened me to the political correctness that’s so often thrown around in my home country, Canada.
Negroid (African)Lähde
Hairs of Negroid or African origin are regularly curly or kinky, have a flattened cross section, and can appear curly, wavy, or coiled. Negroid pigment granules are larger than those found in Mongoloid and Caucasian hair and are grouped in clumps of different sizes and shapes. The density of the pigment in the hair shaft may be so great as to make the hair opaque. A Negroid hair shaft exhibits variation or apparent variation in diameter because of its flattened nature and the manner in which it lies on the microscope slide. Twisting of the hair shaft, known as buckling, can be present, and the hair shaft frequently splits along the length.
A human hair can be classified into one of three racial groups: Caucasian, Negroid, or Mongoloid. A classification of Caucasian typically means of European descent. Negroid typically means of Sub-Saharan African descent. Mongoloid typically means of Asian or Native American descent. It must be understood that designation of these racial groups is based upon an evaluation of the microscopic characteristics present in the hair. The microscopic designation of racial group may or may not coincide with how a person self-identifies his or her racial group.Lähde
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Numerous studies have been conducted that support the science of microscopic hair comparisons. Strauss (1983) conducted a study using 100 individuals comprising 54 Caucasian, 19 Negroid, and 27 Mongoloid. From each of the 100 individuals, 7 hairs were chosen to represent the widest variation possible. These were mounted on glass microscope slides and were designated as the known samples. One hair was also chosen from each of the 100 samples, mounted on glass microscope slides, and designated as questioned hair samples. All 800 hairs (700 known hairs and 100 questioned hairs) were individually characterized using a checklist and punch cards.
A series of seven experiments was conducted. A neutral party selected a total of 10 single questioned hairs to be compared with 10 known samples. Comparison microscopy resulted in 100 percent accuracy in associating the correct questioned hair with its known source, showing that they could reliably associate a questioned hair with a known sample. In addition, the study showed that the examiners correctly identified each of the 100 individuals in the questioned hair pool to the correct known hair group, that is, 54 Caucasian, 19 Negroid, and 27 Mongoloid.
All of us are born pale, and this infant pallor is striking in otherwise dark-skinned families. Lighter skin also characterizes women, who in this and other ways seem to mimic certain visual, tactile, and auditory aspects of infants (paedomorphic face, soft hairless skin, higher pitch of voice, etc.). Skin tone is, in fact, a key input for sex recognition, particularly the luminous contrast between facial skin and the eyes or lips. This visual cue becomes critical to the mating success of women wherever the supply of mateable men is limited, the result being sexual selection for lighter-skinned women and, thus, a gradual lightening of mean skin color not only for women but for the entire population as well.Lähde
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In sub-Saharan Africa, sexual selection was never strong enough to favor women with naturally long hair. This selection pressure would have steadily increased, however, as ancestral humans spread farther north into environments that tended to limit polygyny and boost male mortality.
Head hair may have lengthened during the initial phase of this increasingly intense sexual selection. Eventually, peak intensity was reached as humans spread into the habitable steppe-tundra of northern and eastern Europe—where women had few opportunities for food gathering and where men had to hunt migratory herds of game animals over long distances. It was this later phase that likely produced the diverse palette of hair and eye colors in present-day Europeans, as well as their strange, albino-like skin.
Näiltä kauneudenhoitoyritysten sivuilta voi lukea kaikenlaista kauneudesta, joka voi vaikuttaa mainonnalta, mutta esim. Schwarzkopf:in sivulla olevat monet kirjoitukset hiuksista eivät vaikuta vääriltä vaan hyvännäköiset hiukset kertovat myös ihmisen terveydestä ja tutkimusten mukaan miehet myös tykkäävät enemmän pidemmistä hiuksista naisilla.
Straight hair looks elegant and alluring. Small wonder the sleek look is so popular. You have the choice of various techniques to straighten your hair. Blow-drying while pulling your hair over a round or paddle brush will work. Using a flat iron or applying a semi-permanent hair straightener also leads to straight hair.
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Previous research found that survey response rates were influenced by physical characteristics of the interviewer. However, the effect of hair color on compliance to a survey request has never been studied. Female confederates wearing blond, brown, black, or red wigs solicited 1,200 male and female pedestrians for a survey. It was found those male passersby, but not the female, agreed more frequently to the confederates wearing blond wigs whereas they agreed less to the same confederates wearing red wigs. Greater youth and healthiness associated with blond hair in women is used to explain these results. The practical interest in face-to-face surveys is addressed.Lähde
A woman’s hair is said to be her crowning glory and manifestation of her femininity. Hair is considered a key indicator of a woman’s health and beauty. The Western standard of beauty defines beautiful hair as that which is long and preferably straight. Having such a standard creates a hair hierarchy, with long straight hair on the top of the hair pyramid and African American hair on the bottom. A black woman’s hair is traditionally dry, tightly coiled or curled. In order to attain the Western standard of beauty, the majority of African American women chemically straighten or “relax” their hair. This notion is embedded in media such as Sophisticate’s Black Hair Styles and Care Guide and other magazines featuring black women with straightened hair.Lähde
While numerous research of an evolutionary perspective have been focused on female facial and physical appearance, there have been relatively less investigation into the effects of hairstyle on women’s facial attractiveness. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of long head hair on the aesthetic evaluations of female facial attractiveness in four dimensions of perception related to mate choice (maturity, sexiness, femininity, health). On the basis of the good genes model of sexual selection theory we hypothesized that the only individuals who can afford the costs of growing long hair are those of an above-average phenotypic and genetic quality. According to our results, long hairstyle has a more positive effect on the evaluation of the female faces initially considered less attractive than on those faces initially considered more attractive (on the basis of their facial proportions).Lähde
Caucasian/European is the strongest, most durable human hair for wig making. However, this type of hair is not as readily available and is the most expensive.Lähde
Hair density in African Americans is significantly lower than that in whites, which must be taken into consideration when evaluating a biopsy specimen from an African American patient. Data previously collected from white patients may not provide adequate guidance when evaluating scalp biopsy specimens from African Americans and could lead to an incorrect diagnosis.Lähde
ALTHOUGH the diagnosis of hair disease depends on the comparison of normal with abnormal findings, data on normal hair density are incomplete. After studying hundreds of scalp biopsy specimens from African American patients, I have observed that hair density tends to be lower in this racial group than in whites. Therefore, clinically and histologically normal hair density on biopsy specimens from African Americans would be labeled as abnormally low (ie, demonstrating alopecia) if existing data were to be applied. This study was performed to quantify any differences between white and African American patients.
Negroid hair has a larger diameter, lower water content, and flattened elliptical cross section. It is usually black or dark brown, tightly curled, low in shine, and high in sebum. It has increased grooming friction, which combined with low tensile strenght makes it more difficult to manage.Lähde
Hair color might not instinctively seem applicable as an indicator of human traits. However, hair color is an outward indicator and genetic phenotype component that means different things according to the gender of the person bearing it. For example, blondes are sometimes perceived as especially feminine. In fact, scientific investigation indicates that blondes have higher levels of estrogen than other females.Lähde
Blondes may thus have finer features and a more “youthful” personality than darker-haired women. Surprisingly, blond hair does not seem to relate as much, if at all, to male hormone levels, although more research could always uncover surprises. Both male and female blonds have more hair, with an average of 130,000 hairs, compared to 100,000 for brunettes and 80,000 for redheads.
Overall, the bald stereotype has significantly more negative than positive aspects. Bald carriers appear to be in the eyes of others rather on the edge of social life. Values such as youthfulness, sexual attractiveness, activity, exciting life, however, seem to be reserved for those who are not (yet) have a full head of hair. This reflects the loss of the hair in a reduction of the partner value. Presumably, this is one of the main reasons that men losing their main hair looked forward at all times and in all cultures with trepidation - and that at least some tried by all means to counter this threat.Lähde - Lähde
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Humans are preoccupied with hair – and the lack of it. Our preoccupation with hair gave rise to a multi-billion dollar industry. Moreover, millions of people earn their livings in an occupation devoted to hair care. A significant portion of our daily time budget is allocated to hair care and grooming. For some people, particularly women, this may accumulate to many months or even years. Although hair is certainly more important to females, it is also of great concern to males.
There is a wealth of evidence that blond hair woman has always exercised a special fascination.Lähde
Even in ancient times was regarded blond hair as the ideal of beauty and rich Roman women tried to bleach her natural dark hair or to cover it with wigs from the hair blond German interior or Gallierinnen.
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